Learning methods that count

When I first began at XAMK and started creating educational products, I thought developing a successful course wouldn’t require much effort on my part. I assumed that a well-designed pedagogical framework would take care of most of the learning process. However, as I explored educational methods further, I realized that students play an equally crucial role alongside educators in ensuring a successful learning experience. A course is only as effective as the combined efforts of both sides.

Reflecting on this, I grew curious about how to make online studying more effective. Existing research already provides valuable insights, so here’s a summary of strategies and techniques that can significantly enhance retention and comprehension.

Learning Strategies: these are broad approaches to studying.

• Active learning: Engage actively with material by discussing it or teaching others, which deepens understanding and fosters critical thinking.
• Knowledge organization: Connect new information to existing knowledge, forming a structured framework for easier recall. Through, for example, mind mapping – visual aids to break complex topics into manageable parts, helping to build clearer mental connections.
• Spaced practice: Spread study sessions over time instead of cramming, reinforcing long-term memory by revisiting material at increasing intervals.
• Sleep and neuroplasticity: Quality sleep, especially after studying, consolidates learning by strengthening neural pathways. Yes, sorry for including this, but it does help!

Learning Techniques: these are practical actions for immediate use while studying.

• Interleaved practice: Mix different topics in one session to improve adaptability and enhance retention.
• Retrieval practice: Test yourself without notes to actively reinforce memory.
• Pomodoro technique: Study in focused 25-minute intervals with short breaks to maintain productivity.
• Chunking: Break large topics into smaller parts for better focus and recall.
• Self-explanation: Explain material out loud, as if teaching, to clarify understanding and identify any knowledge gaps.
• NSDR (non-sleep deep rest): Practices like Yoga Nidra provide a quick rest, supporting neuroplasticity, especially when sleep-deprived.

Research shows these strategies align with how the brain naturally learns and retains information. At the core of learning is neuroplasticity, which strengthens essential neural connections while filtering out irrelevant ones. Techniques like retrieval practice reinforce these pathways, making learning durable over time. Additionally, methods like NSDR and structured breaks aid consolidation, mirroring the brain’s reorganization during sleep.

To implement these strategies, begin with a structured study plan that includes regular self-testing shortly after learning new material, with spaced intervals for review. Gradually adopting these techniques will help build effective study habits that support long-term retention and deeper understanding.

References:

Huhn, D., Ehrhardt, M., & Klaus, T., 2021. Study Habits of Highly Effective Medical Students. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 12, pp.627-636. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8197661/pdf/amep-12-627.pdf [Accessed 7 November 2024].

Roediger, H.L. III & Karpicke, J.D., 2006. The Power of Testing Memory: Basic Research and Implications for Educational Practice. Perspectives on Psychological Science. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x

Brame, C.J. & Biel, R., 2015. Test-Enhanced Learning: The Potential for Testing to Promote Greater Learning in Undergraduate Science Courses. CBE — Life Sciences Education. doi:10.1187/cbe.14-11-0208